Nigeria's north-central and north-west zones are afflicted with a multidimensional crisis rooted in long-standing tensions between ethnic and religious groups and involves attacks by criminal groups and banditry/hirabah (such as kidnapping and grand larceny along major highways). During the past years, the crisis has accelerated because of the intensification of attacks and has resulted in widespread displacement across the region.

Between the 10th and 16th of January 2022, armed clashes between herders and farm-ers; and bandits and local communities have led to new waves of population displacement. Following these events, rapid assessments were conducted by DTM (Displacement Tracking Matrix) field staff to inform the humanitarian community and government partners, and enable targeted
response. Flash reports utilise direct observation and a broad network of key informants to gather representative data and collect information on the number, profile and immediate needs of affected populations.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, IOM's Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM), in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO), monitors the movements to and from Nigeria's Adamawa and Borno States in north-east Nigeria. Assessments are conducted at Points of Entry located along the border with Cameroon.

During the period 08 - 14 January 2022, 265 movements were observed at three Points of Entry in Borno state. Of the total movements recorded, 139 were incoming from the Far North Region in Cameroon and 18 incoming from Bol and Adre in Chad republic, while 107 outgoing movements were recorded from Borno State to the Far North Region in Cameroon and one
outgoing movement to Bol in Chad republic.

IOM works with national and local authorities in order to gain a better understanding of population movements throughout Southern Africa. Through the setup of Flow Monitoring Points (FMPs), IOM seeks to quantify migration flows, trends and routes and to gain a better understanding of the profiles of observed individuals at entry, transit or exit points (such as border crossing posts, bus stations, rest areas, police checkpoints and reception centres). This report is an overview of the data collected in these FMPs from 1 to 31 December 2021.*

Inter-regional migration from and within the Southern Africa is categorized along the following corridors. The Flow Monitoring Points (FMPs) were set-up in several key transit locations along the corridors to track the movements of passengers: 

•Zimbabwe (Mutare) – Mozambique (Manica)

•Zimbabwe – Zambia (Chirundu)

•Zimbabwe – Botswana (Plumtree)

•Zimbabwe (Beitbridge) – South Africa

•Malawi (Mchinji) – Zambia (Mwami)

•Malawi (Karonga) – Tanzania

•Malawi (Mwanza) – Mozambique (Zobue) 

•Malawi (Mulanje) – Mozambique

During December 2021, a total of 116,051 movements were observed across 44 FMPs in the region. 

The Zimbabwe – South Africa corridor hosted the largest number of movements with 90,133 (78%) followed by the Malawi (Mwanza) – Mozambique (Zobue) corridor with 12,033 (10%) and the Malawi – Zambia corridor with 4,569 movements reported (4%).

*Due to operational constraints over the holiday season, enumeration activities were paused on certain days which may not be reflective of flows in each corridor.

During the reporting period (12 to 18 January 2022), a total of 52 movements were recorded - 46 Arrivals (2,004 individuals), 3
departures (99 individuals), 2 returns (98 individuals), and 1 Transit (17 individuals). The largest arrival movements were recorded in Nangade (1,248 individuals), Metuge (61 individuals), Chiure (166 individuals) and Cidade de Pemba (152 individuals). The largest departure was observed in Montepuez (283 individuals). The largest return was recorded in Mueda (98 individuals). The largest transit was recorded in Nangade (17 individuals). Of the total population captured by the ETT, 87 per cent were displaced for the first time, and 13 per cent of reported IDPs had been displaced more than once prior to this latest movement.

Between 01 and 07 November 2021, a total of 2,734 movements were recorded in the states of Adamawa and Borno. The recorded movements consisted of 2,116 arrivals and 618 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Gwoza, Hawul, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the most conflict-affected state of Borno and in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba and Kala Balge LGAs of Borno, and Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: voluntary relocation (1,364 individuals or 50%), poor living conditions (704 individuals or 26%), improved security (459 individuals or 17%), conflict/attack (128 individuals or 4%) and fear of attack (79 individuals or 3%).

Between 25 and 31 October 2021, a total of 2,461 movements were recorded in the states of Adamawa and Borno. The recorded movements consisted of 1,641 arrivals and 820 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Gwoza, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the most conflict-affected state of Borno and in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Song, Yola North, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba, Bama, Gwoza and Kala Balge LGAs of Borno, and Demsa, Fufore, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Song, Yola North and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: voluntary relocation (1,164 individuals or 47%), poor living conditions (949 individuals or 39%) and improved security (348 individuals or 14%).

Between 18 and 24 October 2021, a total of 2,515 movements were recorded in the states of Adamawa and Borno. The recorded movements consisted of 2,150 arrivals and 365 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Damboa, Gwoza, Kala Balge, Monguno and Ngala Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the most conflict-affected state of Borno and in Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Song, Yola North, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno, and Fufore, Gombi, Lamurde, Maiha, Mubi North, Mubi South and Song LGAs of Adamawa.

ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: voluntary relocation (1,436 individuals or 57%), poor living conditions (582 individuals or 23%), improved security (487 individuals or 19%) and military operations (10 individuals or 1%).

Between 11 and 17 October 2021, a total of 3,530 movements were recorded in the states of Adamawa and Borno. The recorded movements consisted of 2,910 arrivals and 620 departures. Arrivals were recorded at locations in Askira/Uba, Bama, Biu, Damboa, Gwoza, Hawul and Ngala Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the most conflict-affected state of Borno and in Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Hong, Lamurde, Maiha, Michika, Mubi North, Mubi South, Numan, Yola North, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
Departures were recorded in Askira/Uba LGA of Borno, and Demsa, Fufore, Girei, Hong, Madagali, Maiha, Mubi North, Mubi South, Song, and Yola South LGAs of Adamawa.
ETT assessments identified the following movement triggers: poor living conditions (1,796 individuals or 51%), voluntary relocation (1,076 individuals or 30%), improved security (364 individuals or 10%), conflict/attack (177 individuals or 5%), seasonal farming (103 individuals or 3%) and military operations (14 individuals or 1%).

IOM Yemen DTM’s Rapid Displacement Tracking (RDT) tool collects data on estimated numbers of households forced to flee on a daily basis from their locations of origin or displacement, allowing for regular reporting of new displacements in terms of estimated numbers, geography, and needs. It also tracks Returnees who returned to their location of origin.

From 01 January 2022 to 15 January 2022, IOM Yemen DTM estimates that 1,237 households (HH) (7,422 Individuals) have experienced displacement at least once.

Since the beginning of 2022, DTM also identified 004 displaced households who left their locations of displacement and either moved back to their place of origin or another location.

Between 09 and 15 January 2022, IOM Yemen DTM tracked 315 households (1,890 individuals) displaced at least once. The top three governorates and districts where people moved into/within are:

• Al Hodeidah (222 HH) – Hays (210 HH), Al Khukhah (12 HH) districts. Most displacements in the governorate originated from Al Hodeidah and Taiz.
• Marib (39 HH) – Marib City (21 HH), Marib (18 HH) districts. Most displacements in the governorate originated from Al Jawf and Marib.
• Ad Dali (31 HH) – Ad Dali (20 HH), Qatabah (8 HH), Al Hasayn (3 HH) districts. Most displacements in the governorate originated from Ad Dali and Al Hodeidah.

Most displacements resulted from the increased conflict in the following governorates and districts.

• Al Hodeidah (155 HH) – Hays (122 HH), Al Jarrahi (14 HH), Jabal Ras (5 HH) districts.
• Taiz  (84 HH) – Maqbanah (82 HH), Al Mawasit (1 HH), Al Qahirah (1 HH) districts.
• Ad Dali (22 HH) – Qatabah (18 HH), Al Husha (3 HH), Damt (1 HH) districts.