Flow Monitoring

Cantones La Cruz, Upala y Los Chiles

Los movimientos migratorios de personas nicaragüenses hacia Costa Rica son una tendencia constante, intensificándose por factores políticos, económicos y sociales y que representan desafíos continuos para ambos países en la búsqueda de respuestas en materia de políticas migratorias, que incluyan soluciones en empleo, educación, acceso a servicios básicos, entre otros.

Durante junio de 2024, la Dirección General de Migración y Extranjería (DGME) de Costa Rica, registró un total 41.846 movimientos migratorios (53% ingresos y 47% egresos), lo que además representó, con respecto a mayo, un aumento del 18% en ingresos y una disminución del 13% en egresos. Por otro lado, entre el 01 y el 30 de junio, la OIM en Costa Rica registró 15.082 movimientos migratorios en tres puntos fronterizos no oficiales (52 % ingresos y 48 % egresos). Además, se encuestó a 472 personas nicaragüenses (314 en puestos fronterizos oficiales y 158 en cruces fronterizos no oficiales) y 479 acompañantes (352 por puestos fronterizos oficiales y 127 por cruces fronterizos no oficiales).

Entender la dinámica fronteriza de quienes la transitan es fundamental en la comprensión de las necesidades de población migrante y la formulación de propuestas para su atención. Ante estos desafíos, es esencial disponer de información actualizada sobre el perfil sociodemográfico, motivos de migración, necesidades y la dinámica de los movimientos migratorios de persona nicaragüenses en la frontera norte de Costa Rica.

Cantons: La Cruz, Upala and Los Chiles

The migratory movements of Nicaraguan nationals to Costa Rica are a constant trend, intensifying due to political, economic and social factors and representing continuous challenges for both countries in the search for answers in terms of migration policies, which include solutions in employment, education, access to basic services, among others.

During June 2024, the Directorate General of Migration (DGME, by its Spanish acronym) of Costa Rica registered a total of 41,846 migratory movements (53% entries and 47% exits), which also represented, compared to May, an 18% increase in entries and a 13% decrease in exits. On the other hand, between June 1^st and June 30^th, the IOM in Costa Rica registered 15,082 migratory movements at three unofficial border crossing points (52% entries and 48% exits). Additionally, 472 Nicaraguan people were surveyed (314 at official border crossings points and 158 at unofficial border crossings points) and 479 companions (352 at official border crossings points and 127 at unofficial border crossings points).

Understanding the border dynamics of those who transit it is essential in comprehending the needs of the migrant population and formulating proposals for their assistance. In the face of these challenges, it is essential to have updated information on the sociodemographic profile, reasons for migration, needs, and the dynamics of the migratory movements of Nicaraguan people on the northern border of Costa Rica.

According to the latest figures from the Turkish Presidency of Migration Management (PMM), there are more than 4.4 million foreigners in Türkiye, of whom 3.4 million are seeking international protection. Most of them are Syrians (3,111,0471) who have been granted temporary protection status. Another group of foreigners are international protection holders mainly from Iraq, Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Ukraine. In 2023, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), there were 258,4162 refugees and asylum-seekers in Türkiye.

In addition, 1,113,3153 foreigners with residence permits were in Türkiye as of June 2024, which is 179,5194 people less than in June 2023.

The IOM Afghanistan’s DTM Flow Monitoring activity is designed to provide insights into the mobility patterns at Afghanistan’s border points with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan. The activity involves two interlinked exercises: the Flow Monitoring Counting (FMC), a headcount of individuals crossing the border, and the Flow Monitoring Surveys (FMS), which collect data on the profiles and intentions of randomly selected Afghan nationals. DTM FM is operational at four main crossing points (connected to Afghanistan’s National Highway) as well as seven other crossing points with Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan. This weekly snapshot combines information from the FM activity and various IOM sources related to cross-border movement. For a detailed explanation of the methodology used in gathering this data, the report directs readers to the section titled “IOM INFLOW DATA” on the last page.
 

Frequent movement at the borders with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan have been influenced by a variety of factors over the past few decades. Afghan nationals not only seek economic opportunities, international protection and safety in these countries, but often visit family or participate in short-term travel for health and other reasons1. Recently, policies and statements by officials in the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan have impacted movements to and from Afghanistan. In late 2023, officials in both countries called for the expulsion of undocumented foreigners, the majority of whom are Afghan nationals, which led to spikes in returnee numbers towards the end of the year. Later, in mid-April this year, inflows rose again when a possible second phase of Pakistan’s “Illegal Foreigners’ Repatriation Plan (IFRP)” was announced in media reports. While the government of Pakistan did not end up implementing this second phase in mid-April, there were new announcements for restarts at the end of June. In response, discussions and high-level advocacy are currently taking place regarding the extension of documentation for Afghan nationals in Pakistan. The timeline of this report covers the initial media reports of the second phase restart until the official announcement. 

IOM Afghanistan re-launched its DTM Flow Monitoring (FM) activity at the beginning of 2024 to provide critical insights into current mobility dynamics at Afghanistan’s borders. Flow Monitoring is designed to track the scale and characteristics of human mobility along the borders, including volume, intended destinations, reasons for movement, and intended lengths of stay. From April to the end of June 2024, DTM counted 858,170 individuals entering Afghanistan, 532,854 leaving Afghanistan, and interviewed 81,292 regarding their reasons for movement and intentions. The following report provides findings from DTM’s Flow Monitoring exercises for the second quarter of 2024, examining trends and profiles among inflow and outflow groups to inform better targeted response mechanisms. DTM was able to expand Flow Monitoring to five more crossing points in this quarter compared to last quarter. Operations at new crossing points were started at various times throughout the reporting period, which include Abu Nasr Farahi, Dak, Bahramcha, Angor Ada, and Pathan. As a result the total flows figures in this report do not necessarily represent the total flows at these crossing points for the entirety of the reporting period. Additionally, all assessed border points fall into two categories: those connected to the National Highway, or “main” crossing points, which include Islam Qala, Milak, Spin Boldak, and Torkham, and those not connected to the National Highway, which include the five new border points and Ghulam Khan. Analyses throughout the report will reflect the differences between these types of crossing points. 

The report is structured in four sections. The first section, “Cumulative Flow Trends,” is linked to DTM’s Flow Monitoring Counting exercise. The remaining three sections are linked to DTM’s Flow Monitoring Surveys exercise.

The third round of the International Migrant Worker Survey, conducted across seven regions and three provincial cities, interviewed 1,810 international migrant workers. Using the snowball method to secure informed consent, the survey covered demographics, socio-economic profiles, employment status, migration intentions, reasons for migration, challenges faced at work, income, remittances, housing, health services, financial status, rights information, local reintegration, the impact of sanctions, and vulnerabilities. Key findings revealed that 32 per cent of respondents have a lower secondary education, 50 per cent are primary breadwinners, 57 per cent lack pension payments, 50 per cent have no annual leave, 41 per cent work without formal contracts, and 55 per cent pay rent for accommodation. Additionally, 39 per cent are employed in the construction sector, 70 per cent face high rent costs, 26 per cent lack health services, and 48 per cent remit over half their income. 

نظرة عامة: يراقب سجل مراقبة التدفق للهجرة، وصول المهاجرين على طول الحدود الساحلية الجنوبية لليمن وإعادة المواطنين اليمنيين إلى وطنهم على طول حدودها الشمالية مع المملكة العربية السعودية لتحديد هويتهم. أنماط الهجرة المختلفة وتقديم تقديرات كمية لعدد المهاجرين غير النظاميين الذين يدخلون البلاد. ومن المهم أن نفهم أن نشرة الهجرة القسرية لا ترصد جميع تدفقات الهجرة في اليمن؛ وبدلا من ذلك، فإنه يوفر رؤى إرشادية حول اتجاهات الهجرة استنادا إلى العدد الإجمالي المعروف للمهاجرين الذين يصلون إلى نقاط مراقبة الهجرة خلال إطار زمني محدد.

ملخص النتائج: في يونيو 2024 ، تتبعت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح في اليمن التابعة للمنظمة الدولية للهجرة 1,820 مهاجرًا دخلوا اليمن، أي بزيادة قدرها ثمانية بالمائة عن العدد الإجمالي المبلغ عنه في الشهر السابق ( 1,685 مهاجرًا). غادر جميع المهاجرين ٪100 ) من منطقة باري في الصومال. (ومن بين إجمالي المهاجرين المسجلين، كان 17 في المائة أطفال، و 24 في المائة نساء، و 59 في المائة رجال.

وعادةً ما تكون لحج بمثابة نقطة دخول للمهاجرين المغادرين عبر جيبوتي، في حين تعد شبوة بمثابة نقطة دخول للمهاجرين المغادرين عبر الصومال. خلال الفترة المشمولة بالتقرير، غادر جميع المهاجرين الصومال إلى المنطقة الساحلية بمحافظة شبوة. وفي الفترة ذاتها، لم يغادر أي مهاجر من جيبوتي إلى لحج بسبب إجراءات تم اتخاذها من قبل السلطات الحكومية والتي ساهمت في الحد من نشاط المهربين في المنطقة. ومنذ تطبيق تلك الإجراءات اعتباراً من أغسطس 2023 ، فإن تدفق المهاجرين عبر هذا الطريق وصل الى قرابة الصفرفي الأشهر اللاحقة مع حالة استثناء واحدة في ديسمبر 2023 عندما نقل قارب 110مهاجرا إلى الشاطئ. 

حدد فريق مصفوفة تتبع النزوح 3,556 عائدًا يمنيًا في يونيو 2024 ، وهو ما يمثل انخفاضًا بنسبة 11 بالمائة مقارنة بعدد العائدين في مايو ( 4,010 أفراد). بالإضافة إلى ذلك، سجل الفريق ما مجموعه 267 مهاجرًا تم ترحيلهم من عمان إلى نقطة ديفن في مديرية شحن بمحافظة المهرة باليمن. وكان جميع المهاجرين المرحلين من عمان مواطنين إثيوبيين.

في حين أن الأزمة الإنسانية المتفاقمة في اليمن قد أجبرت بعض المهاجرين على اتخاذ القرار الصعب بالعودة إلى بلدانهم الأصلية في القرن الأفريقي، فقد ورد أن السلطات قامت بإعادة آخرين. في يونيو 2024 ، سجلت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح ما مجموعه 847 مهاجرًا غادروا اليمن إما طوعًا أو تم ترحيلهم بالقوارب من اليمن. وتتكون هذه المجموعة من 89 % رجال، و 8% نساء، و 2% أطفال. % علاوة على ذلك، في يونيو 2024 ، أفاد فريق مصفوفة تتبع النزوح في جيبوتي أن 642 مهاجرين ( 92 رجال، 6% نساء، 2% أطفال) وصلوا إلى جيبوتي من اليمن. وتؤكد هذه الأرقام التحديات الكبيرة التي يواجهها المهاجرون في اليمن والظروف اليائسة التي دفعتهم إلى المخاطرة برحلات بحرية خطيرة.

OVERVIEW: The Flow Monitoring Registry (FMR) of the IOM Yemen Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) monitors the arrival of migrants along Yemen’s southern coastal border and the return of Yemeni nationals along its northern border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) to identify migration patterns and provide quantitative estimates of the irregular migrant population entering the country. It’s crucial to understand that the FMR does not capture all migration ­flows in Yemen; instead, it provides indicative insights into migration trends based on a known total number of migrants arriving along monitored coast and land borders during the reporting period.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS: In June 2024, the IOM Yemen DTM tracked 1,820 migrants entering Yemen, an eight per cent increase from the total ‑figure reported in the previous month (1,685 migrants). All migrants (100%) left from Bari Region in Somalia.

Among the total migrants recorded, 17 per cent were children, 24 per cent were women, and 59 per cent were men.

Typically, Lahj serves as an entry point for migrants departing through Djibouti whereas Shabwah serves as an entry point for migrants departing through Somalia. During this reporting period, all migrants departed from Somalia to the coastal area of Shabwah Governorate. During the same period, no migrants departed from Djibouti to Lahj due to measures taken by government authorities, which contributed to reducing the activity of smugglers in the Governorate. Since those measures were implemented, starting August 2023, the ­ow of migrants along this route has been nearly absentin the months that followed, with one exception in December 2023when a boat brought 110 migrants to shore.

The DTM team identied 3,556 Yemeni returnees in June 2024, an 11 per cent decrease compared to the number of returnees in May (4,010 individuals). Additionally, the team recorded a total of 267 migrants that were deported from Oman back to Deifen Point in Shahan district of Al Maharah Governorate, Yemen. All deported migrants from Oman were Ethiopian nationals.

While the worsening humanitarian crisis in Yemen has compelled some migrants to make the difficult decision to return to their home countries in the Horn of Africa, others have reportedly been returned by government authorities. In June 2024, DTM recorded a total of 847 migrants leaving Yemen either voluntarily or returned by boat from Yemen. This group was composed of 89 per cent men, eight per cent women, and two per cent children.

Furthermore, in June 2024, the Djibouti DTM team reported a total of 642 migrants (92% men, 6% women, and 2% children) arrived in Djibouti from Yemen. These figures underscore the signi_cant challenges migrants in Yemen face and the desperate circumstances that have led them to risk dangerous sea voyages.

Migratory flows from the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (hereinafter, Venezuela) into Trinidad and Tobago have shown unprecedented increases since 2018. In 2019, the Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (GORTT) initiated a Venezuelan Migrant Registration Framework (MRF), with subsequent re-registration exercises in 2021 and 2023. There was a total of 16, 523 registrants, which effectively legitimized their status and facilitated their access to legal employment opportunities. In that same year, the GORTT also instituted visa requirements for Venezuelan nationals to enter or transit Trinidad and Tobago.

Four years later, reports suggest an estimated total of 38,000 Venezuelan refugees and migrants will reside in Trinidad and Tobago by the end of 2023.1 Accordingly, geographic proximity and evolving political and socio-economic realities continue to motivate migration flows to Trinidad and Tobago. Notwithstanding, local authorities and past Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) reports have confirmed increased irregular entries.

Given these dynamics, the 2023 DTM maintains the timely and consistent annual opportunity to explore the variable situation of Venezuelan nationals as they attempt to address their socio-economic vulnerabilities and explore sustainable livelihoods within Trinidad and Tobago. The International Organization for Migration’s (IOM’s) DTM is a system to track and monitor displacement and population mobility. It is designed to capture, process, and disseminate critical multi-layered information on the movement, challenges, and needs of displaced and mobile populations, regularly and systematically. Hence, the DTM affords decision-makers and responders evidence-based insights to guide specific interventions to targeted vulnerable populations.

In this 2023 DTM edition, a total of 1,395 Venezuelan nationals were surveyed, between November and December 2023. The areas with the highest number of respondents were Chaguanas, Tunapuna/Piarco, and Penal/Debe.