Baseline Assessment

تعمل مصفوفة تتبُع النزوح الخاصة بالمنظمة الدولية للهجرة في اليمن عبر سجل مراقبة التدفق في المواقع الرئيسية التي يصل عبرها المهاجرون على الحدود الساحلية الجنوبية، و المواقع التي يعبر من خلالها اليمنيون  العائدون والموجودة على الحدود الشمالية لليمن مع المملكة العربية السعودية. يُراقب الباحثون المتمركزون في نقاط رصد تدفق وصول المهاجرين والمواطنين اليمنيين العائدين من أجل التعرف على الأنماط المختلفة للهجرة وتقديم تقديرات كمية للمساهمة في تحديد عدد المهاجرين الوافدين الى  البلد. لا يشمل سجل مراقبة التدفق جميع نقاط التدفق في اليمن، ولكنه يمثل مؤشراً حول اتجاهات الهجرة بالنسبة لإجمالي العدد غير المعروف للمهاجرين الوافدين إلى اليمن عبر نقاط التدفق خلال الإطار الزمني المحدد. والجدير بالذكر أن القيود المفروضة على الوصول تَحُد من القدرة على جمع البيانات في بعض نقاط وصول المهاجرين.

في محاولة للحد من تدفق المهاجرين الذين يدخلون اليمن، والذي يعبر بشكل أساسي عبر أراضيه باتجاه المملكة العربية السعودية ودول الخليج الأخرى، بدأت حملة عسكرية مشتركة في أغسطس 2023، وركزت هذه الحملة على ساحل محافظة لحج، وهي نقطة دخول مهمة لعدد كبير من المهاجرين (بحد أقصى 15,714 مهاجرًا في مارس 2023). ولتحقيق هذه المهمة، كثفت الحملة العسكرية اعتقال المهربين وملاحقة قواربهم، مما أدى إلى انخفاض تدريجي في تدفق المهاجرين عبر هذا الساحل حتى توقف تماما خلال الأشهر الأربعة الماضية، مع استثناء واحد في منتصف ديسمبر، عندما تمكن قارب يحمل 110 مهاجرين من الوصول إلى ساحل لحج.

في يناير 2024، سجلت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح التابعة للمنظمة الدولية للهجرة في اليمن دخول 1,737 مهاجرًا إلى اليمن، بزيادة قدرها ثلاثة بالمائة مقارنة بالشهر الماضي (1,679). تعتبر شبوة عادة نقطة دخول للمهاجرين من الصومال ونادرا ما تشهد مغادرة المهاجرين من جيبوتي بسبب المسافة الكبيرة بين جيبوتي وشبوة. وفي شبوة، بلغ إجمالي عدد المهاجرين الذين وصلوا خلال شهر يناير 1,736 (1,526 غادروا من باري بالصومال و210 مهاجرين غادروا من أوبوك بجيبوتي). ارتفع العدد الإجمالي للمهاجرين الذين يدخلون عبر شبوة بنسبة 11 في المائة في يناير (1,736) مقارنة بشهر ديسمبر (1,569). علاوة على ذلك، تمت ملاحظة مهاجر واحد في منطقة المقرة بحضرموت. وجاء على متن قارب صيادين يمنيين كان يحمله أثناء الصيد بالقرب من الصومال.

وفقًا لمصفوفة تتبع النزوح، شكلت الحركات الناجمة عن النزاع 76 في المائة من جميع الحركات الواردة في يناير 2024. وقد لوحظت هذه الحركات حصريًا في شبوة، قادمة من باري، الصومال (89٪) وأوبوك، جيبوتي (11٪). سجل فريق مصفوفة تتبع النزوح في جيبوتي 282 مهاجرًا (246 ذكرًا و36 أنثى) انطلقوا في رحلة خطيرة للعودة إلى وطنهم بالقارب من اليمن خلال شهر يناير 2024 بسبب الأزمة الإنسانية في اليمن وتحديات الوصول إلى المملكة العربية السعودية.

بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لاحظت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح انخفاضًا في عدد العائدين اليمنيين بنسبة واحد بالمائة في يناير (5,148) مقارنة بشهر ديسمبر (5,092). علاوة على ذلك، في يناير 2024، تم ترحيل خمسة مهاجرين صوماليين من عمان إلى اليمن.

IOM Yemen DTM’s Flow Monitoring Registry (FMR) monitors migrant arrivals on the southern coastal border and Yemeni return locations on Yemen's northern border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Enumerators placed at Flow Monitoring Points (FMPs) record migrant arrivals and returning Yemeni nationals to identify different patterns of migration, and to provide quantitative estimates to help define the population of irregular migrants entering the country. FMR is not representative of all flows in Yemen and should be understood as only indicative of migration trends of the unknown total number of migrants arriving in Yemen at FMPs during the time frame indicated. Access constraints limit the ability to collect data at some migrant arrival points.

In an effort to reduce the flow of migrants entering Yemen, which primarily crosses through its territory towards Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries, a joint military campaign was initiated in August 2023. This campaign focused on the coast of Lahj governorate, a significant entry point for a large number of migrants (max. 15,714 migrants in March 2023). Towards achieving this mission, the military campaign intensified the detention of smugglers and pursued their boats, leading to a steady decrease in the flow of migrants through this coast until it ceased entirely during the last four months, with a single exception in the middle of December, when a boat carrying 110 migrants managed to land there.

In January 2024, IOM Yemen DTM recorded 1,737 migrants entering Yemen, an increase of three per cent compared to last month (1,679). Shabwah typically serves as an entry point for migrants from Somalia and rarely sees migrants departing from Djibouti due to the considerable distance between Djibouti and Shabwah. In Shabwah, the total number of migrants arrived during January was 1,736 (1,526 departing from Bari, Somalia and 210 migrants departing from Obock, Djibouti). The overall number of migrants entering through Shabwah has increased by 11 per cent in January (1,736) compared to December (1,569). Furthermore, one migrant was noted in Hadramawt's Maqrah FMP. He came aboard a Yemeni fishermen's boat that had carried him while fishing near Somalia.

According to DTM, conflict-induced movements constituted 76 per cent of all incoming movements in January 2024. These movements were exclusively observed in Shabwah, originating from Bari, Somalia (89%) and Obock, Djibouti (11%). Djibouti DTM team recorded 282 migrants (246 males and 36 females) embarked on a dangerous journey back home by boat from Yemen during January 2024 due to the humanitarian crisis in Yemen and challenges in reaching Saudi Arabia.

Additionally, DTM observed a decrease in Yemeni returnees by one per cent in January (5,148) compared to December (5,092). Furthermore, in January 2024, five Somali migrants were deported from Oman back into Yemen.

IOM Yemen DTM’s Flow Monitoring Registry (FMR) monitors migrant arrivals on the southern coastal border and Yemeni return locations on Yemen's northern border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Enumerators placed at Flow Monitoring Points (FMPs) record migrant arrivals and returning Yemeni nationals to identify different patterns of migration, and to provide quantitative estimates to help define the population of irregular migrants entering the country. FMR is not representative of all flows in Yemen and should be understood as only indicative of migration trends of the unknown total number of migrants arriving in Yemen at FMPs during the time frame indicated. Access constraints limit the ability to collect data at some migrant arrival points.

In an effort to reduce the flow of migrants entering Yemen, which primarily crosses through its territory towards Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries, a joint military campaign was initiated in August 2023. This campaign focused on the coast of Lahj governorate, a significant entry point for a large number of migrants (max. 15,714 migrants in March 2023). Towards achieving this mission, the military campaign intensified the detention of smugglers and pursued their boats, leading to a steady decrease in the flow of migrants through this coast until it ceased entirely during the last four months, with a single exception in the middle of December, when a boat carrying 110 migrants managed to land there.

In January 2024, IOM Yemen DTM recorded 1,737 migrants entering Yemen, an increase of three per cent compared to last month (1,679). Shabwah typically serves as an entry point for migrants from Somalia and rarely sees migrants departing from Djibouti due to the considerable distance between Djibouti and Shabwah. In Shabwah, the total number of migrants arrived during January was 1,736 (1,526 departing from Bari, Somalia and 210 migrants departing from Obock, Djibouti). The overall number of migrants entering through Shabwah has increased by 11 per cent in January (1,736) compared to December (1,569). Furthermore, one migrant was noted in Hadramawt's Maqrah FMP. He came aboard a Yemeni fishermen's boat that had carried him while fishing near Somalia.

According to DTM, conflict-induced movements constituted 76 per cent of all incoming movements in January 2024. These movements were exclusively observed in Shabwah, originating from Bari, Somalia (89%) and Obock, Djibouti (11%). Djibouti DTM team recorded 282 migrants (246 males and 36 females) embarked on a dangerous journey back home by boat from Yemen during January 2024 due to the humanitarian crisis in Yemen and challenges in reaching Saudi Arabia.

Additionally, DTM observed a decrease in Yemeni returnees by one per cent in January (5,148) compared to December (5,092). Furthermore, in January 2024, five Somali migrants were deported from Oman back into Yemen.

Since October 8 there has been an increase in cross-border incidents between Israel and Lebanon, resulting in the displacement of people both within the South and elsewhere within the country. Since October 10, the Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) has been conducting the daily monitoring of population movements. The objective of the exercise is to inform preparedness and response planning.

To monitor El Niño-related displacements, DTM Somalia runs ETT activities in 28 districts within ten regions in Somalia. ETT is a crisis-based tool that tracks sudden displacement triggered by specific events or  emerging crises. The objective of ETT is to help prioritize humanitarian response and to enable partners to deliver rapid assistance.

The Central Sahel area, and in particular the Liptako Gourma region, which borders Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger, is affected by a complex crisis involving growing competition over dwindling resources; climatic variability; demographic pressure; high levels of poverty; disaffection and a lack of livelihood opportunities; communal tensions; the absence of state institutions and basic services; and violence related to organized crime and non-state armed groups. The crisis has triggered significant displacement of populations in the concerned countries and is affecting neighbouring countries such as Mauritania and the coastal countries.

As of December 2023, 3,011,292 individuals have been displaced, including 2,636,880 internally displaced persons (88% of the displaced population) and 374,412 refugees (12% of the displaced population). Seventy per cent of the displaced populations (2,100,130 individuals) were located in Burkina Faso, while 14 per cent resided in Mali (419,468 individuals), 10 per cent in Niger (287,258 individuals) and 4 per cent in Mauritania (104,324 individuals). The crisis’ recent spill over to coastal countries, namely Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Togo and Benin, shows growing number of refugees coming from the Central Sahel and populations internally displaced. As of December, 100,112 individuals were affected by displacement within the four countries (9,899 in Benin, 36,729 in Côte d’Ivoire, 7,179 in Ghana and 46,305 in Togo) of which 30,372 were internally displaced.

The crisis currently affecting the Lake Chad Basin states results from a complex combination of factors, including conflict with non-state armed groups, extreme poverty, underdevelopment and a changing climate, which together have triggered significant displacement of populations.

As of December 2023, Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria were hosting an estimated 6,067,507 affected individuals made up of internally displaced persons (IDPs), returnees (former IDPs and returnees from abroad) and refugees (both in- and out-of-camp). Thirteen per cent of the affected population (774,927  individuals) were located in Cameroon, while 5 per cent resided in Chad (288,334 individuals), 9 per cent in Niger (524,511 individuals) and finally, 74 per cent in Nigeria (4,479,735 individuals). Overall, the numbers show a slight decrease in IDPs (-2%) but increases in returnees and refugees since December 2022. The IDPs numbers have increased in Cameroon (+18%) and Niger (+4%) but have shown a slight decrease in Nigeria (-6%).