تعمل مصفوفة تتبُع النزوح الخاصة بالمنظمة الدولية للهجرة في اليمن عبر سجل مراقبة التدفق في المواقع الرئيسية التي يصل عبرها المهاجرون على الحدود الساحلية الجنوبية، و المواقع التي يعبر من خلالها اليمنيون العائدون والموجودة على الحدود الشمالية لليمن مع المملكة العربية السعودية. يُراقب الباحثون المتمركزون في نقاط  رصد تدفق وصول المهاجرين والمواطنين اليمنيين العائدين من أجل التعرف على الأنماط المختلفة للهجرة وتقديم تقديرات كمية للمساهمة في تحديد عدد المهاجرين الوافدين الى البلد. لا يشمل سجل مراقبة التدفق جميع نقاط التدفق في اليمن، ولكنه يمثل مؤشراً حول اتجاهات الهجرة بالنسبة لإجمالي العدد غير المعروف للمهاجرين الوافدين إلى اليمن عبر نقاط التدفق خلال الإطار الزمني المحدد.

والجدير بالذكر أن القيود المفروضة على الوصول تَحُد من القدرة على جمع البيانات في بعض نقاط وصول المهاجرين. في محاولة للحد من تدفق المهاجرين الذين يدخلون اليمن، والذي يعبر بشكل أساسي عبر أراضيه باتجاه المملكة العربية السعودية ودول الخليج الأخرى، بدأت حملة عسكرية مشتركة في أغسطس 2023 . وركزت هذه الحملة على ساحل محافظة لحج، وهي نقطة دخول مهمة لعدد كبير من المهاجرين (بحد أقصى 15,714 مهاجرًا في مارس). ولتحقيق هذا الهدف، زادت الحملة العسكرية من اعتقالات المهربين وملاحقة قواربهم، مما أدى إلى تراجع ملحوظ في تدفق المهاجرين عبر هذا الساحل حتى توقف تماما خلال شهري أكتوبر ونوفمبر 2023 في ديسمبر 2023 ، سجلت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح التابعة للمنظمة الدولية للهجرة في اليمن إجمالي 1,679 مهاجرًا دخلوا اليمن، بزيادة قدرها 13 بالمائة مقارنة بالشهر الماضي ( 1,465 ). عادة ما تكون شبوة بمثابة نقطة دخول للمهاجرين من الصومال ونادرا ما تشهد مغادرة المهاجرين من جيبوتي بسبب المسافة الكبيرة بين جيبوتي وشبوة. وفي شبوة، بلغ إجمالي عدد المهاجرين 1,197 غادروا من الصومال و 372 غادروا من جيبوتي).

ارتفع العدد الإجمالي للمهاجرين ) الذين دخلوا خلال شهر ديسمبر 1,569 .( الذين يدخلون عبر شبوة بنسبة سبعة في المائة في ديسمبر ( 1,569 ) مقارنة بشهر نوفمبر ( 1,465 وفقًا لمصفوفة تتبع النزوح، شكلت الحركات الناجمة عن النزاع 73 في المائة من جميع الحركات الواردة في ديسمبر 2023 . وقد لوحظت هذه الحركات حصريًا في شبوة، قادمة من باري، الصومال ( 70 ٪) وأوبوك، جيبوتي ( 30 ٪). سجل فريق مصفوفة تتبع النزوح في جيبوتي عودة 286 مهاجرًا ( 272 ذكرًا و 14 أنثى) إلى القرن الأفريقي خلال شهر ديسمبر 2023 بسبب الأزمة الإنسانية في اليمن وتحديات الوصول إلى المملكة العربية السعودية. ( بالإضافة إلى ذلك، لاحظت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح انخفاضًا في عدد العائدين اليمنيين بنسبة ستة بالمائة في ديسمبر ( 4,827 مقارنة بشهر نوفمبر ( 5,111 ). بين يناير وديسمبر 2023 ، سجلت مصفوفة تتبع النزوح إجمالي 97,210 مهاجرًا و 55,402 مهاجرًا يمنيًا عائدًا إلى اليمن

IOM Yemen DTM’s Flow Monitoring Registry (FMR) monitors migrant arrivals on the southern coastal border and Yemeni return locations on Yemen's northern border with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Enumerators placed at Flow Monitoring Points (FMPs) record migrant arrivals and returning Yemeni nationals to identify di_erent patterns of migration, and to provide quantitative estimates to help define the population of irregular migrants entering the country. FMR is not representative of all flows in Yemen and should be understood as only indicative of migration trends of the unknown total number of migrants arriving in Yemen at FMPs during the time frame indicated. Access constraints limit the ability to collect data at some migrant arrival points. In an effort to reduce the flow of migrants entering Yemen, which primarily crosses through its territory towards Saudi Arabia and other Gulf countries, a joint military campaign was initiated in August 2023. This campaign focused on the coast of Lahj governorate, a significant entry point for a large number of migrants (max. 15,714 migrants in March). To achieve this goal, the military campaign increased detentions of smugglers and pursued their boats, leading to a steady decline in the flow of migrants through this coast until it had ceased entirely during October and November 2023.

In December 2023, IOM Yemen DTM recorded 1,679 migrants entering Yemen, an increase of 13 per cent compared to last month (1,465). Shabwah typically serves as an entry point for migrants from Somalia and rarely sees migrants departing from Djibouti due to the considerable distance between Djibouti and Shabwah. In Shabwah, the total number of migrants entered during December was 1,569 (1,197 departing from Somalia and 372 departing from Djibouti).

The overall number of migrants entering through Shabwah has increased by seven per cent in December (1,569) compared to November (1,465). According to DTM, conflict-induced movements constituted 73 per cent of all incoming movements in December 2023. These movements were exclusively observed in Shabwah, originating from Bari, Somalia (70%) and Obock, Djibouti (30%).

Djibouti DTM team recorded 286 migrants (272 males and 14 females) returned to the Horn of Africa during December 2023 due to the humanitarian crisis in Yemen and challenges in reaching Saudi Arabia. Additionally, DTM observed a decrease in Yemeni returnees by six per cent in December (4,827) compared to November (5,111). Between January and December 2023, DTM recorded a total of 97,210 migrants and 55,402 Yemeni migrant returnees to Yemen.

While the north of Iraq was gripped by the ISIL conflict, social movements, and popular demands for change to the status quo were growing in the center and south of the country. The recurrence of protests and demonstrations trended upwards after 2017,1 feeding a negative drift in the social and political environment in these areas. Frustration over poor governance and stalled living conditions formed the base of the population’s demands for change. The lack of (efficient) responses contributed to growing distrust in institutions.2 Underlying this trend is a sense of marginalization, especially in the southern governorates of Iraq, which this brief aims to analyze in more detail. This brief is part of a larger research project, A Climate of Fragility, carried out by IOM Iraq and Social Inquiry, that provides the first detailed profiling of southern governorates in Iraq in a decade, exploring population demographics, housing, access to services, socio-economic situation, agriculture, migration, wellbeing, governance, security, and social cohesion. The profiling is based on a large-scale household survey. The survey included a household module (applicable to the overall household situation), a personal module (gathering perceptions of the respondent), and a roster module (collecting personal characteristics of each household member). A total of 3,904 respondents were surveyed between December 2020 and January 2021 across the 18 districts in Basra, Thi-Qar, and Missan governorates. Thus, the sample is statistically representative at the governorate and district level, with district-level sampling stratified by urbanicity and gender, generating a representative sample for urban and rural respondents and male and female respondents. The outputs of this project also include a household profiling report of Basra, Thi-Qar, and Missan governorates, two additional thematic briefs on various forms of capital and employment, and an online portal that includes all reports and analysis, key findings, a dashboard, and public datasets for use.

DTM has been tracking climate-induced displacement across the central and southern regions of Iraq since June 2018. Drought, land degradation and increased salinity in important rivers and tributaries continue to place a strain on the agriculture, livestock herding and fishing industries, with many families unable to guarantee sufficient and sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. DTM’s tracking of climate-induced displacement aims to provide data on the number and location of vulnerable families forced to displace due to climatic and environmental factors. Data collection for this update took place between 1 and 15 September 2023. Data are collected through IOM’s Rapid Assessment and Response Teams (RARTs), who are deployed across Iraq (20% of enumerators are female). IOM’s RARTs collect data through interviews with key informants utilizing a large, well-established network of over 2,000 key informants that includes community leaders, mukhtars, local authorities and security forces. As of 15 September 2023, 21,798 families (130,788 individuals) remain displaced because of drought conditions across 12 governorates. Of these, 9,934 families are displaced within their district of origin (46%). The displaced families are dispersed across 471 locations, with the majority (74%) being urban locations.

DTM has been tracking climate-induced displacement across the central and southern regions of Iraq since June 2018. Drought, land degradation and increased salinity in important rivers and tributaries continue to place a strain on the agriculture, livestock herding and fishing industries, with many families unable to guarantee sufficient and sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. DTM’s tracking of climate-induced displacement aims to provide data on the number and location of vulnerable families forced to displace due to climatic and environmental factors. Data collection for this update took place between 1 and 15 March 2023. Data are collected through IOM’s Rapid Assessment and Response Teams (RARTs), who are deployed across Iraq (21% of enumerators are female). IOM’s RARTs collect data through interviews with key informants utilizing a large, well-established network of over 9,500 key informants that includes community leaders, mukhtars, local authorities and security forces. As of 15 March 2023, 12,212 families (73,272 individuals) remain displaced because of drought conditions across ten governorates. Of these, 4,659 families are displaced within their district of origin (38%). The displaced families are dispersed across 347 locations, with the majority (76%) being urban locations.

DTM has been tracking climate-induced displacement across the central and southern regions of Iraq since June 2018. Drought, land degradation and increased salinity in important rivers and tributaries continues to place a strain on the agricultural sector, with many families unable to guarantee sufficient and sustainable livelihoods in rural areas. The IOM-DTM tracking of climateinduced displacement aims to provide data on the number and location of vulnerable families forced to displace due to climatic and environmental factors. Data collection for this update took place between 1 and 15 September 2022. Data are collected through Rapid Assessment and Response Teams (RARTs), who are deployed across Iraq (20% of enumerators are female). RARTs collect data through interviews with key informants utilizing a large, well-established network of over 9,500 key informants that includes community leaders, mukhtars, local authorities and security forces. As of 15 September 2022, 10,464 families (62,784 individuals) remain displaced because of drought conditions across ten governorates. Of these, 3,854 families are displaced within their district of origin (37%). The displaced families are dispersed across 259 locations, with the majority (76%) being urban locations

Displaced families are likely to be among the most vulnerable to climatic and environmental changes that can impact livelihoods, food security and social cohesion. Sustainable return and reintegration can be determined by many factors but the role of climatic change and environmental degradation in return dynamics is insufficiently understood. The impact of climate change on the displaced and returnee populations in Iraq remains an important gap in existing research and monitoring, yet addressing this gap is vital as environmental trends worsen and humanitarian response planning ceases at the end of 2022.

This factsheet provides a summary of the data on these indicators with the aim of highlighting trends and geographic areas of concern to guide more comprehensive and granular assessments of the vulnerability factors and mobility drivers among displaced and returned families living in locations affected by climate change and environmental degradation.

In order to better define the magnitude and geographic prevalence of issues pertaining to environmental degradation, climate-induced migration, economic insecurity, a lack of investment in development, tribal conflict, criminal and political violence, and civic mistrust and unrest in southern Iraq, IOM and Social Inquiry designed this profiling of Basra, Thi-Qar, and Missan governorates to serve as go-to sources of evidence to shape further in-depth research, analysis, and advocacy on specific issues, geographical areas, and/or population groups and guide the design, monitoring, and evaluation of interventions and policies to best meet the needs of people in these fragile environments. The specifically designed indicators framework for this profiling focuses on a breadth of topics including demographics, housing, access to services, socio-economic situation, agriculture, migration, wellbeing, governance, security, and social cohesion and divided into three levels: household characteristics, individual perceptions and attitudes, and roster of household members. A total of 3,904 surveys were collected across all 18 districts in these three governorates between December 2021 and January 2022. This sample size guarantees the standard 5% margin of error for data for each governorate and an 8% margin of error at district level. In addition, for each district, the sampling was also stratified by urbanicity and gender, thus generating a representative sample for urban and rural areas as well as for male and female respondents that can be analyzed at different levels of disaggregation.

DTM has been tracking climate-induced displacement in Ninewa since June 2021. In almost all cases, displacement of returnee families has occurred because low rainfall severely impacted households’ ability to provide fodder for livestock. Some seasonal displacement occurs each year, but the low precipitation and reduced vegetation observed in 2021 resulted in significant displacement in southern rural areas of Ninewa Governorate.

This update presents data collected from 1 to 15 June 2022. Data is collected through IOM’s Rapid Assessment and Response Teams (RARTs), who are deployed across Iraq (20% of enumerators are female). IOM’s RARTs collect data through key informant interviews with a network of over 9,500 key informants that includes community leaders, mukhtars, local authorities and security forces.

Environmental degradation is increasingly and strongly felt in the southern governorates of Iraq. A gradual but consistent decrease of water flow and water quality over the last decades, and worsening in the last 10 years in particular, has meant that the agricultural sector, traditionally the main workforce employer in rural areas, is unable to guarantee sufficient and sustainable livelihoods for the communities living there. A direct consequence of this maladaptation is the forced migration of rural populations, oftentimes towards nearby urban areas including Basra, Nassiriya, and Amara in search of better opportunities to sustain their lives.

This report draws on the results from data covering 802 residents of Basra City (710 local residents and 92 migrants within the last decade), across 49 streets, to identify the particular issues facing high-migration parts of the city that hinder migrants’ ability to sustainably and peacefully integrate in an already fragile urban setting. Data collection was conducted in July and August 2021. 

this report puts forward the need for a two-pronged approach that focuses on enhancing the adaptation capacity of recipient areas such as Basra (and other close-by urban areas) to an increasing population, at the same time as attention is kept on districts currently forcing families to migrate – mostly the rural, neglected hinterland that is the scenario of extreme environmental degradation, absence of diversified economic opportunities, and poor public infrastructure and provision