To better understand the demographic profiles, living conditions and reintegration processes of returnees, IOM, under the EU-funded project “Displacement Tracking Matrix Regional Evidence for Migration Analysis and Policy (DTM REMAP)”, developed the Returnee Longitudinal Survey (RLS). This report intends to provide summary findings of the first round of RLS data collection that took place in Afghanistan (May to August 2021), Bangladesh (October 2020 to January 2021), Iraq (August to September 2020) and Pakistan (January to April 2021). While the RLS also collects data on the sustainability of reintegration (economic, social and psychosocial), this summary report solely focuses on the analysis and comparison of data collected in the four countries on the profiles of the returnees. The specific thematic areas for analysis under this report include: socio-demographic background, employment status, income status, debt status, migration drivers, return journey and prior migration experience and re-migration intentions.

After the political transition by the De Facto Authorities (DFA) on August 15th, 2021, Afghanistan witnessed new patterns and dynamic of internal displacement, cross-border movements, and community needs. This brief report showcases the changes in cross-border flows, internal displacement, and community needs before and after August 15th, 2021, by comparing trends identified in three of DTM Afghanistan’s regular data collection exercises and complimentary data-sources. 

The snapshot captures present mobility and displacement trends between Afghanistan, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan.

This report is based on the Flow Monitoring Surveys carried out by IOM in North Macedonia in April and May 2022. A total of 180 interviews were collected in two locations – Temporary Transit Centre (TTC) Vinojug (in Gevgelija) and TTC Tabanovce (in Kumanovo). Survey data provide an insight of the profiles, intentions and needs of migrants transiting through the country. They show following:

• About 93 per cent of the respondents were nationals of seven countries – Syrian Arab Republic, Pakistan, India, Morocco, Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Iraq. The structure of respondents by country of origin or habitual residence is the same as the structure by nationality. Only two respondents were internally displaced persons before leaving their origin country.
• Most respondents were male (96%) and young persons (average age 27.7 years). Out of the top 7 nationalities surveyed, the youngest were respondents from Morocco (average age 22.8 years) and oldest were those from Bangladesh and Iraq (30.6 and 30.7 years of average age, respectively).
• Three quarters (75.5%) of respondents were single at the moment of the interview, and 15.6 per cent of them had children. About 23.9 per cent of the respondents had primary level of education, 65.5 per cent secondary and only 0.6 per cent had tertiary level of education. About 46 per cent of respondents were unemployed at the time of departure from countries of origin, whereas about 15 per cent were employed or self-employed. Hereof, economic reasons (51.1%), followed by war or conflict (35.6%), were the initial first main reasons for leaving their countries of origin.
• For 93 respondents (51.7%) the country of departure is different from the country of origin. About 13 per cent of the respondents travelled alone, while 87 per cent travelled with a group.
• Three quarters of the respondents (75%) left the departure country more than 1 year ago (20.6% of them, more than 3 years ago). Seventy-one respondents (39.4%) left the departure country in the last year (5.6% of them, less than 2 weeks ago). Survey data confirm a relatively long stay of migrants in transit countries, to work and collect money to travel onwards. Walking on foot was the main mode of transport to enter North Macedonia, were most of the respondents (99%) reported they have stayed for less than two weeks at the time of the survey.
• The journey of the respondents was quite costly. Overall amount paid individually since the beginning of the journey, for 73.9 per cent of the respondents, was between 1,000 and 5,000 USD. Most (91.1%) of the respondents reported having paid for the journey with their own savings only.
• Germany remains the country of intended destination for most respondents. Its share as final intended destination is higher at the time of departure (44.4%) than at the time of interview (35%). Similarly, there are changes related to other final destinations. For 53.3 per cent of the respondents, the main reasons for choosing the intended destination are related to appealing socio-economic conditions and for 26.7 per cent are linked to the access to asylum procedures.
• Regarding COVID-19, 178 (98.9%) respondents were aware of the pandemic. Most of them (82.8%) received information from media, followed by family / friends (72.2%), local / national authorities (69.4%), civil society / NGOs (63.3%), medical staff (20.6%) and UN or other international organizations (2.8%).
• Almost all of respondents (178, 98.9%) did not consider the option of returning to their origin country during their journey.

This report is based on the Flow Monitoring Survey carried out by IOM field staff in North Macedonia in February and March 2022. A total of 209 interviews were collected in two locations – Temporary Transit Centre (TTC) Vinojug (Gevgelija) and TTC Tabanovce (Kumanovo). Survey data provide an insight of the profile and other relevant aspects related to the irregular migrants. They show following:

• By country of citizenship about 81 per cent of the respondents were from five countries – Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Syrian Arab Republic and Morocco. Almost the same is the structure of respondents by country of origin or habitual residence. Only seven respondents were internally displaced persons.
• Most of the respondents were male (203 migrants) and young persons (average age 27.3 years). Out of the top 5 nationalities surveyed, the youngest were respondents from Morocco and oldest were those from India (23.9 and 29.1 years of average age, respectively).
• The vast majority (88.5%) of respondents was single at the moment of the interview, and 10.5 per cent of them had children. About 29.1 per cent of the respondents have primary level of education, 67.6 per cent secondary and only 3.3 per cent had tertiary level of education. More than half of respondents were unemployed and inactive at the time of departure from countries of origin, whereas about 26 per cent were employed or self-employed. Hereof, economic reasons (57.4%), followed by war or conflict (26.3%), were the initial first main reasons for leaving their countries of origin.
• Majority of the respondents (84.2%) in North Macedonia arrived from six countries where they spent at least one year (Greece, Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, Syrian Arab Republic and Morocco). More than one third (35.9%) of respondents were travelling alone, while 64.1 per cent travelled with a group.
• Great part of the respondents (47.9%) has left the departure country more than 1 year ago (36.4% of them, more than 3 years ago). Ninety respondents (43.1%) have left the departure country in the last year, (23.0% of them, less than 2 weeks ago). Survey data show the route of the respondents, confirm a relatively long stay in transit countries and work as the main reason for it, then that most of them had private accommodation and that walking on foot was the main mode of transport. Most of the respondents (91.4%) reported they have stayed in North Macedonia for less than two weeks.
• The journey of the respondents was quite costly. Overall amount paid individually since the beginning of the journey, for 77 per cent of the respondents, was between 1,000 and 5,000 USD. Two thirds (66.5%) of the respondents reported having paid for the journey with their own money only.
• Germany remains to be the country of intended destination for the greatest part of the respondents its share is higher at the time of departure (40.2%) than as a final destination country at the time of interview (33.5%). Similar are changes related to other final destination countries. For 47 per cent of the respondents, the main reasons for choosing final destination country are related to appealing socio-economic conditions and for 26 per cent of them it is the ease of access to asylum procedures.
• Related to human trafficking / other exploitative practices respondents were asked six questions. On each of them 90 per cent of the respondents answered that they were not faced with such experience.
• Related to COVID-19, 207 respondents were aware of the pandemic. Most of them (85%) received information from media, followed by local / national authorities (62%), family / friends (58.4%), civil society / NGOs (56.5%), medical staff (28%) and UN or other international organizations (7.2%).
• Almost all of the respondents (207) did not consider the option of returning during their journey.

Since 24 February 2022, refugees from Ukraine and other Third Country Nationals (TCNs) have been fleeing from Ukraine to neighbouring and other EU countries as a result of the war in Ukraine. According to UNHCR, 28,640 refugees from Ukraine and other TCNs were registered in Hungary as of 23 August 2022.
This report is based on a survey on displacement patterns, needs and intentions, launched by IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) in Hungary in July 2022. All interviews were conducted face-to-face by IOM’s DTM trained enumerators with adult refugees and other TCNs fleeing Ukraine. This report presents an analysis based on 223 surveys collected between 06 and 29 July 2022.
Interviews were carried out in various locations, such as Budapest - Pest County (133), Záhony – Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County (83) and Tata – Komárom-Esztergom County (7) and in multiple settings, namely border crossing and transit points (e.g. train stations), the Help Centre, private and collective accommodations and the IOM Office.

Since 24 February 2022, refugees from Ukraine and other Third Country Nationals (TCNs) have been fleeing from Ukraine to neighbouring and other EU countries as a result of the war in Ukraine. According to UNHCR, 28,640 refugees from Ukraine
and other TCNs were registered in Hungary as of 23 August 2022. This report is based on a survey launched by IOM’s Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) with persons crossing to Ukraine from Hungary. It presents an analysis of 71 interviews conducted face-to-face by IOM’s DTM trained enumerators with adult Ukrainian refugees and other TCNs between 06 and 29 July 2022.
Interviews were carried out in various locations, such as Budapest - Pest County (24) and Záhony – Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County (47) and in multiple settings, namely border crossing and transit points (e.g. train stations), the Help Centre, and one collective centre/accommodation.